Physio's Dictionary : E

Physio's Dictionary : E

Eccentric
Controlled, active lengthening contraction of a muscle.

Ecchymosis
Bruising.

Effusion
Swelling, with particular reference to joints and their related superficial structures.

Electrical stimulation
Provides a situation whereby there is an electrical generation of action potentials, giving rise to therapeutically significant physiological responses e.g. increased muscle strength, stmulated lymph and blood flow, analgesia, kinaesthetic awareness and autonomic nervous system responses.

Electrotherapy
Modalities used in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders e.g. ultrasound, short wave diathermy, interferential therapy, biofeedback, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and laser.

Electromyography
Quantified information regarding overall muscle performance and function.

Endfeel
Physiotherapist appreciation of the "feel" at the end of the range of motion, either of joint or other tissue. This is a sensation felt during passive movement, by the Therapist.

Endorphins
These are endogenous biomechanical substances implicated in the alleviation of pain, produced as a result of body stress.

Entrapment neuropathy
Pathological situation where a nerve is trapped in an abnormally produced anatomical or physiological site.

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Erector spinae
Muscles of the spine that lie posteriorly. These are commonly known as the "anti-gravity" muscles.

Ergonomics
The account of how the workplace relates to the human and its function.

Extra-articular
That which lies external to the joint.

Extraneural
That which lies external to neural tissue.


taken from : http://members.optusnet.com.au/physio/glossa_m.html

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Physio's Dictionary : D

Physio's Dictionary : D

de Quervain's disease
Inflammation of the tendons and sheath of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis, in the first dorsal compartment of the wrist, with subsequent thickening and stenosis.

Deep transverse frictions
Cross fibre, deep massage. Often a technique utilised on scar tissue and chronic tendon disorders.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blockage of the deep veins, particularly common in the calf. Often mistaken for calf strain, the DVT is characterised by sharp pain in the calf, swelling, worsening with foot dependency and relief with elevation, tenderness and possibly some ecchymosis.

Dermatome
Area of skin supplied by one spinal segment.

Disc herniation
Often used interchangeably with disc prolapse, disc bulge, slipped disc etc. Disruption to the normal integrity of the intervertebral disc, causing the nucleus pulposus to breach the annular fibres internally. There are varying degrees, from minor bulging, to bursting through the outer annular fibres into the spinal canal.

Discectomy
Surgical removal of prolapsed nucleus pulposus.

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Double crush syndrome
Defined as a serial impingement of a nerve tract. An initial injury to a nerve (e.g. nerve injury in the neck) may lead to a secondary lesion (e.g. median nerve in the carpal tunnel).

Dupuytren's contracture
A fibrous proliferation in the palmar fascia of the hand, that gradually produces a flexion deformity of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints.

Dura mater
Thickest, outermost covering of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Also lines the inside of the skull.

Dynamometer
Mechanical instrumentation that allows for measurement of concentric and eccentric muscle action, muscle endurance and muscle balance ratios. Usually associated with isokinetic testing, providing variable, accomodating resistance.

taken from : http://members.optusnet.com.au/physio/glossa_m.html

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Physio's Dictionary : C

Physio's Dictionary : C

Calcaneal spur
Also called calcaneal enthesiopathy, where there is repetitive microtrauma at the attachment of the Achilles tendon resulting in the formation of a spur, extending from the calcaneum into the tendon.

Carpal tunnel
A "tunnel" formed at the wrist, by the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones.

Carpal tunnel syndrome
Where there is compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, resulting in sensory and motor disturbances of the hand.

Cauda equina
Lower end of the spinal cord.

Cavitation
Production of gas from liquid.

Central nervous system
The brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves.

Cervical spine
Seven vertebrae - C1 - C7. Articulate with the occiput superiorly and the T1 vertebra inferiorly. Commonly known as the neck.

Chondromalacia patellae
Common name given to softening of the articular cartilage on the undersurface of the patella. Commonly seen in adolescents and commonly associated with functional and biomechanical deficiencies of the patello-femoral joint.

ChoPat strap
An infrapatellar strap, commonly used in the treatment of patellar tendinitis or chondromalacia patellae.

Clarke's test
Compression of the patella with resisted knee extension. Commonly used as a test of chondromalacia patellae but has not been shown to be reliable.

Cloward's spots
Areas of referred pain in the thoracic spine, close to the scapulae, secondary to cervical spine disorders.

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Coccydynia
Pain around the coccyx. Often caused by local trauma, but may also be a referred pain syndrome from the lumbar spine.

Colle's fracture
A common fracture to the distal radius, usually brought about by a fall onto the outstretched hand.

Compartment syndrome
Exercise, or effort, induced pain syndrome, whereby the pain is due to the inability of the muscles within the compartment to expand. Often confirmed by using catheter pressure testing.

Conjoint tendon
The common tendinous insertion of transversus abdominis and internal oblique at the pectineal line.

Contusion
A bruise, often associated with blunt trauma.

Continuous passive motion (CPM)
A form of passive mobilisation, assisting in the recovery of cartliage. Used commonly following knee reconstructions.

Coronary ligament
Lies on the anterior aspect of the knee and attaches the anterior horn of the medial meniscus to the tibial plateau.

Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory medication. Can be taken orally (not common) or as an injectable, particularly in superficial tissues undergoing inflammatory pathology.

Cortisone
See Corticosteroids.

Costochondral junction
Junction between rib and costal cartilage. Commonly disrupted in contact sports.

Crepitus
A grinding noise or sensation within a joint. Commonly felt in knees, particularly on change of position after a long period of time.

taken from : http://members.optusnet.com.au/physio/glossa_m.html#C

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Physio's Dictionary : B

Physio's Dictionary : B

Baker's cyst

Bursitis of the semimembranosus or the medial gastrocnemius bursa. Often presents as a large soft tumour mass in the posterior knee and may be associated with degeneration of the knee.

Bankart lesion

An anterior pouch that is formed when the humeral head dislocates anteriorly, and remains following reduction, leaving a deficit in the anterior restraining mechanisms.

Biarthrodial muscles

Muscles that span over two joints and have a function over those joints e.g. biceps brachii - shoulder flexion and elbow flexion.

Biofeedback

The use of instrumentation to bring covert physiological processes to the conscious awareness of the individual, usually by visual or auditory signals.

Blood doping

In its usual form, this involves withdrawal of blood from an athlete, followed by re-infusion after a suitable period of time, usually 4 - 8 weeks, during which time the level of red blood cells had returned to its pre-withdrawal state. The addition of the extra blood would increase the amount of cells available to carry oxygen. This practice has been used to improve endurance. This is a banned practice at elite levels of sport and may be potentially dangerous.

Bone density

A description of bone mass and is diminished in osteoporosis. Bone density has also been seen to be diminished in hormone deficiency syndromes, particularly oestrogen depletion.

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Bruxism

Grinding of the teeth, which may be a predisposing factor to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction.

Bucket handle tear

A description given to a type of tear of the meniscus of the knee joint, usually medial. The tear is one that extends along the length of the meniscus, within the body of the meniscus. This tear allows for the internal portion of the torn meniscus to slip into the joint. A common cause of a "locked" knee.

Bursa

A fluid filled sac, usually located at areas of friction e.g. between tendon and bone.

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa, usually caused by overuse or direct trauma.

taken from : http://members.optusnet.com.au/physio/glossa_m.html#B

Physio's Dictionary : A

Physio's Dictionary : A

Accessory movement
Joint movements which cannot be performed voluntarily or in isolation by the patient.

Achilles tendinitis
Inflammation of the Achilles tendon, particularly the peritendon. It may be predisposed to this type of condition because of biomechanical, muscular, training and footwear factors.

Acromio-clavicular (AC) joint
Joint between the acromion process of the scapula and the clavicle.

Acupuncture
Needle, laser, electroacupuncture or pressure (shiatsu) can be beneficial in treatment and management of a variety of conditions, primarily to alter pain threshold and/or pain perception.

Adductor tendinitis
Commonly occurring in athletes and horse riders, with localised pain over the tendinous origin of adductor longus from the pubis or at its musculotendinous junction.



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Anabolic steroids
Derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone and are used as performance enhancing, to increase muscle bulk and strength. Can be taken orally or as an injectable.

Analgesia
Pain relief which may be achieved by use of medication (e.g. aspirin, paracetamol or codeine), modalities (e.g. ultrasound, interferential and laser) or acupuncture.

Ankle sprain
Usually an over stretch of the lateral (outside) ligament of the ankle joint. Can be of varying degrees, from minor over stretch to complete rupture.

Ankylosing spondylitis
A disease process of unknown aetiology, characterised by the presence of bilateral sacroiliitis with inflammatory changes in the spinal joints. The onset is most common in males in their late teens to early twenties. As the name suggests, it is a process which results in a gradual stiffening of the axial skeleton, sacroiliac joints and pubic symphysis.

Annulus fibrosis
This is the peripheral portion of the intervertebral disc, consisting of collagen fibres arranged in a highly ordered pattern. The posterior fibres of the collagen lamellae are thinner and more tightly packed, hence the posterior aspect of the annulus fibrosis is thinner than the rest of the annulus.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Intra-articular ligament of the knee, attaching on the anterior portion of the tibial plateau extending upwards and posteriorly to the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. Very frequently injured during twisting type sports (e.g. Australian Rules football, soccer), or those that involve rapid deceleration (e.g. netball). Extrinsic trauma also has a large part to play in ACL injuries.

Anti-inflammatory medication
See Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).

Apley's test
A test of meniscal integrity comprising a compression of the knee (in 90� of flexion, with patient lying prone) and then performing both medial and lateral rotation.

Apophyseal joint
See Zygapophyseal joint.

Apprehension test
A test that places the joint in a position that would simulate subluxation or dislocation, with the degree of "positivity" being judged by the level of "apprehension" on the patient's face.

Arthroscopy
Using an intra-articular camera to assist, this less invasive procedure allows the Orthopaedic Surgeon to assess, repair or reconstruct various tissues both within and around joints. Now used preferentially to "open" procedures, when permitted.

Articular cartilage
Covers the ends of bones and allows the distribution of compressive loads over the cross section of bones, as well as providing a near frictionless and wear resistant surface for joint movement.

Atrophy
Usually attributed to muscle, it is a shrinking in size, usually following a period of disuse or immobility.

Avascular necrosis
Death of tissue due to complete depletion of blood supply. Commonly seen with fractures of the femoral neck, leading to death of the head of the femur. May also be seen in scaphoid and navicular fractures.

Avulsion
Usually caused when a muscle is forcefully stretched beyond its freely available range of motion, or when it meets a sudden unexpected resistance while contracting forcefully. Can also occur in ligament injuries, where the insertion of the ligament may pull some bone off when it is damaged.

Axon
This is the main outgrowth of a neurone and is dependent on the cell body.

Axoplasmic flow
This is continually moving cytoplasm within the neurone and provides material synthesized by the cell body to meet the physiological requirements of the cell body, the axon and the target tissues. Disruption to axoplasmic flow results in diminished performance of the neurone.


taken from : http://members.optusnet.com.au/physio/glossa_m.html

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